Oboe

What is an oboe?

The oboe is a woodwind woodwind instrument with a characteristic sound and belongs to the group of aerophones. It consists of a long, narrow tube that opens into a funnel and is played via a double reed. The oboe is often referred to as the “queen of woodwind instruments” and has a warm, clear and expressive sound. It is used in classical music as well as in other genres such as chamber music, orchestra and even jazz. The oboe plays a versatile role in the music world and is known for its melodic singing and ability to express a wide range of emotions.

History of an oboe

The oldest depiction of a precursor to the oboe dates back to around 3000 B.C. Even in ancient times, oboe-like instruments such as the Greek aulos or the Roman tibia existed. The Bible mentions an oboe-like instrument called the chalil. It was used in the temple and, according to tradition, could be heard throughout Jerusalem. The Psalms call on people to praise God with the chalil.

In the Middle Ages, there were various forms of conical double-reed instruments such as the pommer or the shawm. The (Baroque) oboe was developed from the shawm in the 17th century by the instrument maker Jean de Hotteterre (commissioned by Jean-Baptiste Lully). The baroque oboe initially had seven finger holes and (until 1780) two keys. A third key was added by Jakob Friedrich Grundmann. Over time, it was further developed by woodwind instrument makers, narrowed in scale (French bore) and fitted with a sophisticated mechanism. In the 18th century, there were two main forms: the piccola oboe (the form commonly used today) and the bassa oboe (grand hautbois), which was slightly larger and a third lower (in A).

The first oboes were made around 1660 by Jean-Baptiste Lully and Jean de Hotteterre. The first documented use is in the opera Pomone (1671) by Robert Cambert. These oboes were converted into today’s models by French instrument makers, particularly in the 19th century.

Structure

Parts of the oboe

The instrument is about 65 centimeters long and, like the saxophone a conical body and overblows into the octave. The body of the oboe is in three parts and consists of an upper, middle and lower joint. The upper and middle sections have a cork-covered tenon at the lower end, which is inserted into a corresponding metal sleeve at the upper end of the middle section or cup. Finally, the mouthpiece, usually simply called a reed by oboists, is inserted into the top of the upper joint. Both the body and the reeds have their own cases in which they are stored and transported.

Body

Oboes are made from grenadilla, boxwood or ebony, and more rarely from rosewood, cocobolo or other exotic hardwoods. At the upper end of the middle joint, on the back, is the thumb rest which holds the instrument in place. In the course of its history, the key action became more and more complicated (in order to meet the increasing demands on sound and intonation) and required more and more holes and metal inserts in an increasingly confined space – especially in the upper joint. This led to the gradual use of harder and harder types of wood that could withstand these stresses.

There are now also quite successful experiments with plastics and composite materials (wood waste and carbon fiber-reinforced plastic). Oboes are also made from transparent acrylic glass. Oboes made of hard rubber and acrylic glass are particularly popular for use in extreme climatic conditions where wood is at risk of cracking.

Mechanics

The oboe is a complex wind wind instrument with a complicated mechanism. It consists of keys and trestles, which are made of materials that vibrate easily, such as nickel silver, and are plated with silver or gold alloys. The number of keys varies depending on the model. The tone holes are closed by keys that are fitted with key pads. These pads are made of either fish skin or cork and must be carefully fitted to ensure an airtight seal.

Each flap is equipped with a steel spring that automatically returns it to the correct position. The keys are operated either directly with the fingers or via a complicated lever mechanism. Some keys allow the tone holes to be partially opened. Oboes with ring keys make it easier to play glissandi and microtones. The key and lever mechanism is very complicated and requires precise adjustment of the cross-connections between the keys.

Designs

French oboe:

The French oboe is widely used throughout the world and is available in different versions such as fully and semi-automatic oboes. The semi-automatic oboe has separate levers for the first and second octave keys, while the fully automatic oboe operates both octave keys with one lever and automatically switches between the notes g-sharp” and a”. In addition, the oboe offers several alternative fingering options in the upper range. This results in different timbres and a more differentiated playing style. However, the octave keys are not operated independently of each other on both types. The fully automatic oboe is easier to play, but also more susceptible to repairs and not necessarily suitable for modern experimental works.

Viennese oboe:

The Viennese oboe is mainly played in Vienna, e.g. by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. It differs from the French oboe in its scale length, sound and playing technique. In its standard form, its range extends to the lower Bb, but with a special foot joint, the lower Bb can also be played. The Viennese oboe is more similar to the baroque and classical oboes, as it has been modified less. An octave key makes it easier to play octaves. The timbre of the Viennese oboe varies less between piano and forte. The Viennese school of oboe training is characterized by a specific style of interpretation that includes less vibrato, clearer phrasing, shorter notes and a less vocal style of playing.

Sound or sound generation

The oboe produces its sound through a double reed, which is placed between the lips and blown at high pressure. A vibrating column of air forms in the tube of the instrument, the length and wavelength of which can be altered by opening and closing the keys to make the sound higher or lower. The oboe resembles a tube that is open at both ends and has complex physics that influence the sound quality.

In the Baroque era, the oboe had a limited range, whereas the modern oboe has an extended range. The sound of the oboe varies from nasal and bright to dark and velvety, depending on how it is played. The oboist often accompanies the other musicians, as the richness of the oboe’s overtones is clearly audible. In Germany and Austria, the tuning of the oboe is usually between a’ = 442 Hz and 444 Hz. Other tuning pitches are common in other countries.

Playing technique for oboe: the basics for a clear and expressive tone

Oboe playing technique encompasses a wide range of skills that are essential for mastering this complex instrument and producing a clear, expressive tone. Some of the basic playing techniques are explained in more detail below:

Fingering technique: The oboe is equipped with numerous keys and finger holes that must be operated with the fingers by closing and opening them precisely. This technique requires a lot of practice and skill to enable quick and smooth transitions between the different notes and keys. Only with a careful fingering technique can the player use the full range of the instrument.

Breathing: Controlled breathing is essential for oboe playing. The player must learn to breathe deeply and direct the airflow evenly through the instrument in order to produce a stable and clear tone. A good breathing technique helps to control and express the tone, which is particularly important for long passages and high notes.

Articulation: Articulation is the way in which the player interrupts the flow of air to separate individual notes. Precise articulation is necessary to play clear and defined notes. Techniques such as staccato, legato and portato allow the player to realize a variety of musical expressions and bring the music to life.

Phrasing: Phrasing is crucial for the interpretation and expression of the music. It is about shaping musical phrases in such a way that the composer’s intention becomes clear and the music comes alive. Well thought-out phrasing helps to convey the emotional content and dynamics of a piece and makes the music more understandable and appealing to the listener.

Maintenance: A well-maintained oboe is crucial for a good sound. Regular maintenance includes cleaning the instrument, caring for the reed and regularly adjusting and replacing it. Only a well-maintained instrument can produce the desired clear and expressive sound.

Learning these techniques requires patience and continuous practice, but is the key to successful and fulfilling oboe playing. With dedication and regular practice, every player can achieve mastery on the oboe and fully exploit the fascinating sound world of this instrument.

Application

Solo: The oboe in the spotlight

The oboe’s warm and expressive sound makes it a popular solo instrument. In solo pieces, the oboe can unfold its full potential and enchant the audience with its lyrical and melancholy note. Soloists such as Albrecht Mayer and Heinz Holliger have expanded the repertoire with their virtuoso oboe interpretations and strengthened the oboe’s reputation as a solo instrument.

Chamber music: harmonious interplay

In chamber music, the oboe is a valuable member of the ensemble. It can combine harmoniously with other wind instruments such as the flute, clarinet and bassoon as well as with strings. Thanks to its flexible timbre and its ability to blend into different moods, the oboe contributes to the tonal diversity and expressiveness of chamber music.

Orchestra: The richness of sound of the oboe family

The oboe is an indispensable instrument in the orchestra. It belongs to the woodwind family and lends the orchestral sound a special brilliance and richness. As one of the leading instruments in the woodwind section, the oboe often takes on important melodic passages and plays a central role in orchestral works from different eras and styles.

Jazz, rock and pop: the oboe as a magician of sound colors

Although the oboe is not typically associated with jazz, rock and pop music, it also finds its place in these genres. With its unique sound, the oboe can add new timbres and unconventional accents to jazz improvisations. In rock and pop music, the oboe is occasionally used to enrich ballads or orchestral arrangements in order to create a special atmosphere.

Instrument of the year 2017

In 2017, the oboe was voted Instrument of the Year by the State Music Councils of Schleswig-Holstein, Baden-Württemberg, Berlin, Brandenburg and Bremen. This special award recognizes the importance and versatility of the oboe as well as its outstanding role in music.

List of famous oboists

• Albrecht Mayer
• Antonio Pasculli
• Burkhard Glaetzner
• Cyril Scott
• Emanuel Abbühl
• Eugène Goossens
• François Leleux
• Giuseppe Ferlendis
• Giuseppe Sammartini
• Günther Passin
• Hansjörg Schellenberger
• Heinz Holliger
• Ingo Goritzki
• Jan Dismas Zelenka
• Johann Gottlieb Graun
• Lajos Lencses
• Léon Goossens
• Ludwig August Lebrun
• Luciano Berio
• Nicolas Chédeville
• Pierre Pierlot
• Ralph Vaughan Williams
• Thomas Indermühle
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
• Isang Yun

Oboe manufacturer

• Eagle
• Buffet Crampon
• Buffetti
• Bulgheroni
• Eastman
• Gazzani
• Mönnig Brothers
• Heckel
• Howarth
• Creedo
• Lorée
• Marcoux
• Marigaux
• Oscar Adler
• Pellerin
• Prussian
• Rigoutat
• Yamaha
• Yuta

Oboe manufacturer

The price of an oboe can vary greatly depending on the manufacturer, model, material and playing strength.

The following price ranges can be roughly assumed:.

• Models for beginners: €1,000 to €3,000.
• Advanced: €3,000 to €6,000.
• Professional models: €6,000 to over €10,000.

The cheapest oboes include models made of plastic or resin. However, these are not as good sounding as oboes made from grenadilla wood. Grenadilla wood is the most commonly used wood for oboes and has a warm, round sound.

Professional oboes are often made from hand-picked grenadilla wood and have a particularly precise mechanism. These instruments can also be equipped with additional keys or ornamentation, which drives up the price.

In addition to the purchase price, you should also factor in the cost of accessories such as the case, tubes, cleaning utensils and tuner.