{"id":17596,"date":"2024-05-03T11:00:25","date_gmt":"2024-05-03T10:00:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/musical-instruments\/lute-instruments\/"},"modified":"2026-03-02T15:24:19","modified_gmt":"2026-03-02T14:24:19","slug":"lute-instruments","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/musical-instruments\/lute-instruments\/","title":{"rendered":"Lute instruments"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"17596\" class=\"elementor elementor-17596 elementor-7293\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2bba0f elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"c2bba0f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5dfa38c\" data-id=\"5dfa38c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7e16ba6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7e16ba6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-132c737\" data-id=\"132c737\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ee46e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4ee46e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/lauteninstrumente-1024x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8854\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/lauteninstrumente-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/lauteninstrumente-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/lauteninstrumente-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/lauteninstrumente-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/lauteninstrumente.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec8834f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ec8834f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-279bba6 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"279bba6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;far fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-regular&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-far-circle\\&quot; 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They usually consist of a resonating body and a tailpiece, with the strings running parallel to the soundboard. Handle lutes have a neck that extends beyond the body, while yoke lutes have strings that lead to a crossbar. The African bowed lutes or pluriarc form a third group. This definition applies to both plucked and bowed instruments and is supported by the <g id=\"gid_4\"><g id=\"gid_5\"><g id=\"gid_6\">systematics of Hornbostel-Sachs<\/g><\/g><\/g> classification.    <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd9adee elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"cd9adee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-433eef2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"433eef2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Classifications of lute instruments<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1399c9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1399c9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><strong>(321.1) Bowed lutes<\/strong>, also known as pluriarc, have a unique construction in which several curved tailpieces each fix a string at the end. Their diversity often makes a clear classification difficult. <\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0457253 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0457253\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><strong>(321.2) Yoke lutes<\/strong>, also known as lyres, have a different construction in which the strings are attached to a resonance box and a yoke suspended between two arms. These include ancient lyres such as the kithara and the lyre as well as East African variants such as the krar and the beganna. <ul><li><strong>(321.21) Bowl lyre<\/strong> with bowl-shaped resonating body: lyre, tanbura.<\/li><li><strong>(321.22) Box lyres<\/strong> with box-shaped resonator: kithara, beganna, crwth.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-529953f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"529953f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><strong>(321.3) Handle lutes<\/strong> in which a spit or neck is attached to a body as a tailpiece. The pedal lutes are the largest and most diverse group and are further subdivided according to this classification: <ul><li><strong>(321.31) Spit lutes<\/strong> in which a spit or handle is inserted through the body or passed along the top of the body. The body can be bowl-shaped (boat-shaped or round, ravanahattha), tubular or cylindrical (<g id=\"gid_1\"><g id=\"gid_2\"><g id=\"gid_3\">banjo<\/g><\/g><\/g>Endingidi, Sanxian, Tschuniri) or box-shaped (Masenqo, Mongolian horse-head fiddle). The pike lutes are plucked or bowed. A distinction is not made according to the way they are played.   <\/li><li>Bowed spike lutes form the group of spike violins, also known as spike fiddles, spike violins and, more rarely, spike fiddles (Rab\u0101b, Rebab, Kamantsche). Oriental spike violins are usually played in an upright position with the spike on the floor. African spit violins are usually single-stringed and are usually held crosswise in front of the upper body (goge, imzad, ribab, endingidi). East and Southeast Asian tubular violins are held vertically on the floor or on the thigh (Erhu, Sor U, Rebab).   <\/li><li><strong>(321.32) Necked lutes<\/strong> in which the neck does not pass through the body but is attached (or carved) to the body. The neck lutes can be subdivided according to the shape of the body: <ul><li><strong>(321.321) Bowl-necked lutes<\/strong> are lutes whose body is hollowed out of a block of wood in the shape of a bowl or composed of shavings (body made of shavings: e.g. tanbur, oud, (European) lute, bent-neck lute, theorbo, colascione, angelica, Neapolitan mandolin, mandola, mandora, balalaika, bouzouki, biwa, guitar lute, chonguri. Solid body: traditional charango, gambus, panduri). <\/li><li><strong>(321.322) Box-necked lutes<\/strong> are frame instruments in which the body is box-shaped with a back, top and sides (e.g. guitar, cavaquinho, cittern, violin, fiddle, viola da gamba, vihuela, bandola, tarawangsa, flat mandolin, ukulele, yueqin and <a title=\"Viola\" href=\"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/musical-instruments\/viola-viola\/\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>viola<\/strong><\/span><\/a> (Portugal)).<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>(321.33) Inland spit lutes<\/strong> in West Africa, where the spit ends inside the body. The strings are passed behind the bridge through a sound hole and attached to the inside of the spit. They are only plucked (ngoni, xalam, tidinit, tahardent, keleli).  <ul><li><strong>(321.331) Inland lutes<\/strong> with a bowl-shaped body. This subheading covers almost all the inland lutes. <\/li><li><strong>(321,332) Inland lute<\/strong> with a box-shaped body. The exception is the Moroccan gimbri. <\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c061e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4c061e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0febb8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a0febb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>A further classification takes into account the ratio of body length to neck length:<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16eda59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"16eda59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Short-necked lutes:<\/strong> These include the Chinese pipa, the yueqin and the Arabic oud. The pegbox of the more common bent-neck lutes (European lute, koboz, oud, pipa) is bent backwards. <\/p><p><strong>Long-necked lutes:<\/strong> Tanbur, theorbo, colascione, Greek bouzouki, Central Asian dombra, Russian domra and balalaika, Turkish saz, Persian and Caucasian tar, Persian setar, Indian sitar, North American banjo, Albanian \u00c7iftelia, Chinese sanxian. Early precursors of this group are the Sumerian and ancient Egyptian throat lutes depicted in the 2nd millennium BC. <\/p><p><strong>A<\/strong> distinction is also made between <strong>saddle button instruments<\/strong> (such as violins, hurdy-gurdies, mandolins and long-necked lutes) and <strong>cross-stringed instruments<\/strong> (such as short-necked lutes and guitars). On the saddle button instruments, which require a higher string tension, the strings are guided over a bridge to an attachment point on the lower frame. On cross-string instruments, which require a lower string tension, the strings end at a crossbar on the top; there is no separate bridge here.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2614fd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2614fd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec877dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ec877dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The development and history of lute music<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42d7ad9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42d7ad9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <strong>history of lute instruments<\/strong> is rich in cultural turning points and musical innovations. Until the 15th century, the lute was mainly used to accompany vocal pieces in the polyphonic style. Illustrations from the Middle Ages often show it alongside string instruments and harps.  <\/p><p>The upswing in the written tradition of lute music began in the 16th century, characterized by works such as Francesco Spinacino&#8217;s &#8220;Intabulatura de Lauto&#8221; from 1507, in which, in addition to vocal and instrumental dance movements, independently composed solo pieces such as the ricercar appear for the first time. This development enabled the emancipation of instrumental music and the emergence of new forms such as the toccata, fantasia and prelude. <\/p><p>The Elizabethan era around 1600 brought a heyday for the lute song, particularly through composers such as John Dowland. In France, this was followed by a heyday of the air de court, in which the lute initially took on the role of instrumental accompaniment to the singing. However, this function was increasingly taken over by the theorbo in the course of the 17th century.  <\/p><p>The influence of French lutenists dominated the European musical landscape from the 17th century onwards. Composers such as Ren\u00e9 M\u00e9zangeau, Ennemond Gaultier and Fran\u00e7ois Dufault shaped the lutenistic style of broken melody, which was also adapted by the clavecinists.<\/p><p>Around 1700, the French style was combined with cantabile elements from Silesia, Bohemia and Austria, but only reached its peak with Silvius Leopold Weiss. He brought lute music in the Italian style to a final artistic peak. From the pre-classical period between 1720 and 1780, however, interest in the lute waned considerably.  <\/p><p>From the 15th to the 18th century, lute music was mainly notated in tablature. Later editions show the lute as a transposing instrument by notating it an octave higher. <\/p><p>Despite the declining popularity of the European lute, compositions for this instrument continued to be written until recent times. Important composers and publishers of lute music between 1500 and 1754 were Pierre Attaingnant and Fran\u00e7ois Campion in France, Fabritio Caroso and Cesare Negri in Italy and Alonso Mudarra and Luis de Narv\u00e1ez in Spain. Composers such as Henry Purcell Senior in England in the 18th century and Johann Friedrich Fasch in Germany in the 18th century.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d5b9b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6d5b9b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d753a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0d753a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The construction of the lute: characteristics and materials<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63ce79f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"63ce79f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The uniqueness of lute making<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fc6852 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7fc6852\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The lute instruments are characterized by their characteristic body, which is made up of several wood shavings to form a teardrop-shaped &#8220;shell&#8221;. In addition to fruit woods such as plum, pear and cherry, maple wood was mainly used. In the 16th to 18th centuries, more exotic woods such as flower ash, yew, rosewood, ebony, snakewood and ivory were also used for the shavings in Europe. The top of the lute is usually made of spruce wood and is divided on the inside by several beams.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12712e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"12712e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The neck is glued to the body and a block of wood under the top so that the fingerboard and top are on the same level. A rosette, also known as a &#8220;star&#8221;, is carved into the top. The tailpiece, also known as the &#8220;bridge&#8221; or &#8220;bar&#8221;, is glued between the rosette and the lower edge of the top. At the upper end of the neck is the pegbox, which is angled backwards and classifies the lute as an articulated-necked lute. The builders of lutes are known as lute makers, formerly also as lute makers.    <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15cf710 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"15cf710\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The development of the lute from the 17th century onwards<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04938c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"04938c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>From around 1600, new lute forms with more strings, an extended neck and a second pegbox with additional bass strings emerged. These new instruments were known as &#8220;theorbized lutes&#8221;, which included the arciliuto, the liuto attiorbato, the theorbo, the angelica and the German baroque lute with swan neck. Some of these lutes were specially developed for the basso continuo, such as the arciliuto and the theorbo.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37f059c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"37f059c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2af6684 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2af6684\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tone or sound production of lute instruments<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07b65e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"07b65e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The principle of sound production is the same for all stringed instruments: a taut string is made to vibrate by bowing or plucking. By pressing the string down onto the fingerboard, its length is changed, resulting in different pitches. The body serves as a sound amplifier.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad2e2b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ad2e2b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-071ca28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"071ca28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lute playing technique<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e92033f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e92033f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Until the 15th century, the lute was struck with a plectrum, which consisted of a strong bird feather quill.<\/p><p>Around 1500, lutenists developed the technique of playing with their fingers. This enabled them to play polyphonically. In this technique, which is described in textbooks by Hans Judenk\u00f6nig from 1511 and in lute books from the 16th and 17th centuries, the runs are played with the thumb and index finger of the right hand. The chords are struck with the thumb, index finger, middle finger and ring finger. The fingers of the right hand lie parallel to the strings, while the little finger rests on the soundboard. Today, this technique is often referred to as the &#8220;thumb technique&#8221;, as the thumb strikes in the direction of the inside of the hand.       <\/p><p>Around 1600, lutenists developed the so-called &#8220;thumb-out technique&#8221; for the right hand because bass playing was more lively in late Renaissance and Baroque music. The little finger supports the hand, but the fingers touch the strings almost at right angles. The outstretched thumb now mainly operates the bass strings. The wrist remains still.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7bf82c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c7bf82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2febd60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2febd60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">List of famous lutenists\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fca8a52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fca8a52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Albert Reyerman (1944-2020)<\/li><li>Amandine Affagard (* around 1987)<\/li><li>Andrea Damiani (* 1955)<\/li><li>Andreas Martin (* 1963)<\/li><li>Andr\u00e9 Burguete (* 1951)<\/li><li>Antony Bailes (* 1947)<\/li><li>Anthony Rooley (* 1944)<\/li><li>Bernd Hofst\u00f6tter (* 1975)<\/li><li>Bernd Romahn (* 1944)<\/li><li>Bj\u00f6rn Colell (* 1964)<\/li><li>Christina Pluhar (* 1965)<\/li><li>Crawford Young (* 1952)<\/li><li>D\u00e1niel Benk\u0151 (1947-2019)<\/li><li>Daniel Kurz (* around 1975)<\/li><li>David van Ooijen (* around 1970)<\/li><li>Dieter Kirsch (* 1940)<\/li><li>Diana Poulton (1903-1995)<\/li><li>Dohyo Sol (* 1979)<\/li><li>Edin Karamazov (* 1965)<\/li><li>Eugen M. Dombois (1931-2014)<\/li><li>Evangelina Mascardi (* 1977)<\/li><li>Frank Pschichholz (* 1966)<\/li><li>Fritz Seidemann (1913-2003)<\/li><li>Gerhard Tucholski (1903-1983)<\/li><li>Gusta Goldschmidt (1913-2005)<\/li><li>Hans Br\u00fcderl (* 1959)<\/li><li>Hans Dagobert Bruger (1894-1932)<\/li><li>Hans Neemann (1901-1943)<\/li><li>Hans-Werner Apel (* 1959)<\/li><li>Hartmut Dentler (1947-2016)<\/li><li>Heiko Schmiedel (* 1962)<\/li><li>Heinz Bischoff (1898-1963)<\/li><li>Heinz Teuchert (1914-1998)<\/li><li>Hopkinson Smith (* 1946)<\/li><li>Jakob Lindberg (* 1952)<\/li><li>Jadran Duncumb (* 1991)<\/li><li>James Tyler (1940-2010)<\/li><li>Jean-Marie Poirier (* 1950)<\/li><li>Joachim Held (* 1963)<\/li><li>Joseph Iadone (1914-2004)<\/li><li>Jozef van Wissem (* 1962)<\/li><li>Julian Behr (* 1972)<\/li><li>Julian Bream (1933-2020)<\/li><li>J\u00fcrgen H\u00fcbscher (* 1948)<\/li><li>Karl-Ernst Schr\u00f6der (1958-2003)<\/li><li>Konrad Jungh\u00e4nel (* 1953)<\/li><li>Konrad Ragossnig (1932-2018)<\/li><li>Luca Pianca (* 1958)<\/li><li>Lutz Kirchhof (* 1953)<\/li><li>Magnus Andersson (* 1981)<\/li><li>Marc Lewon (* 1972)<\/li><li>Michael Sch\u00e4ffer (1937-1978)<\/li><li>Michiel Niessen (* 1963)<\/li><li>Miguel Yisrael (* 1973)<\/li><li>Mijndert Jape (* 1932)<\/li><li>Nigel North (* 1954)<\/li><li>Nives Poli (1915-1999)<\/li><li>Paul O&#8217;Dette (* 1954)<\/li><li>Pascal Monteilhet (1955-2022)<\/li><li>Patrick O&#8217;Brien (1947-2014)<\/li><li>Peter Croton (* 1957)<\/li><li>Philippe Meunier (* 1942)<\/li><li>Rolf Lislevand (* 1961)<\/li><li>Rolf Rapp (around 1910-1971)<\/li><li>Robert Barto (* 1954)<\/li><li>Robert Spencer (1932-1997)<\/li><li>Stefan Lundgren (* 1949)<\/li><li>Stefan Maass (* 1960)<\/li><li>Stephen Stubbs (* 1951)<\/li><li>Suzanne Bloch (1907-2002)<\/li><li>Takashi Tsunoda (* 1946)<\/li><li>Thomas Binkley (1931-1995)<\/li><li>Thomas Dunford (* 1988)<\/li><li>Thomas H\u00f6hne (* around 1970)<\/li><li>Toyohiko Satoh (* 1943)<\/li><li>Walter Gerwig (1899-1966)<\/li><li>Wolfgang Katschner (* 1961)<\/li><li>Wolfgang Praxmarer (* 1949)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-37a8eb9\" data-id=\"37a8eb9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-9ac55b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9ac55b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-774f3db\" data-id=\"774f3db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-366057b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"366057b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">share<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-701afa6\" data-id=\"701afa6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0d61bc elementor-share-buttons--view-icon elementor-share-buttons--color-custom elementor-share-buttons--skin-gradient elementor-share-buttons--shape-square elementor-grid-0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-share-buttons\" data-id=\"a0d61bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"share-buttons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_facebook\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Share on facebook\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-facebook\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M504 256C504 119 393 8 256 8S8 119 8 256c0 123.78 90.69 226.38 209.25 245V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.28c-30.8 0-40.41 19.12-40.41 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V501C413.31 482.38 504 379.78 504 256z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_twitter\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Share on twitter\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-twitter\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_pinterest\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Share on pinterest\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-pinterest\" viewBox=\"0 0 496 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M496 256c0 137-111 248-248 248-25.6 0-50.2-3.9-73.4-11.1 10.1-16.5 25.2-43.5 30.8-65 3-11.6 15.4-59 15.4-59 8.1 15.4 31.7 28.5 56.8 28.5 74.8 0 128.7-68.8 128.7-154.3 0-81.9-66.9-143.2-152.9-143.2-107 0-163.9 71.8-163.9 150.1 0 36.4 19.4 81.7 50.3 96.1 4.7 2.2 7.2 1.2 8.3-3.3.8-3.4 5-20.3 6.9-28.1.6-2.5.3-4.7-1.7-7.1-10.1-12.5-18.3-35.3-18.3-56.6 0-54.7 41.4-107.6 112-107.6 60.9 0 103.6 41.5 103.6 100.9 0 67.1-33.9 113.6-78 113.6-24.3 0-42.6-20.1-36.7-44.8 7-29.5 20.5-61.3 20.5-82.6 0-19-10.2-34.9-31.4-34.9-24.9 0-44.9 25.7-44.9 60.2 0 22 7.4 36.8 7.4 36.8s-24.5 103.8-29 123.2c-5 21.4-3 51.6-.9 71.2C65.4 450.9 0 361.1 0 256 0 119 111 8 248 8s248 111 248 248z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_telegram\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Share on telegram\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-telegram\" viewBox=\"0 0 496 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M248 8C111 8 0 119 0 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S385 8 248 8zm121.8 169.9l-40.7 191.8c-3 13.6-11.1 16.9-22.4 10.5l-62-45.7-29.9 28.8c-3.3 3.3-6.1 6.1-12.5 6.1l4.4-63.1 114.9-103.8c5-4.4-1.1-6.9-7.7-2.5l-142 89.4-61.2-19.1c-13.3-4.2-13.6-13.3 2.8-19.7l239.1-92.2c11.1-4 20.8 2.7 17.2 19.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_whatsapp\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Share on whatsapp\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-whatsapp\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M380.9 97.1C339 55.1 283.2 32 223.9 32c-122.4 0-222 99.6-222 222 0 39.1 10.2 77.3 29.6 111L0 480l117.7-30.9c32.4 17.7 68.9 27 106.1 27h.1c122.3 0 224.1-99.6 224.1-222 0-59.3-25.2-115-67.1-157zm-157 341.6c-33.2 0-65.7-8.9-94-25.7l-6.7-4-69.8 18.3L72 359.2l-4.4-7c-18.5-29.4-28.2-63.3-28.2-98.2 0-101.7 82.8-184.5 184.6-184.5 49.3 0 95.6 19.2 130.4 54.1 34.8 34.9 56.2 81.2 56.1 130.5 0 101.8-84.9 184.6-186.6 184.6zm101.2-138.2c-5.5-2.8-32.8-16.2-37.9-18-5.1-1.9-8.8-2.8-12.5 2.8-3.7 5.6-14.3 18-17.6 21.8-3.2 3.7-6.5 4.2-12 1.4-32.6-16.3-54-29.1-75.5-66-5.7-9.8 5.7-9.1 16.3-30.3 1.8-3.7.9-6.9-.5-9.7-1.4-2.8-12.5-30.1-17.1-41.2-4.5-10.8-9.1-9.3-12.5-9.5-3.2-.2-6.9-.2-10.6-.2-3.7 0-9.7 1.4-14.8 6.9-5.1 5.6-19.4 19-19.4 46.3 0 27.3 19.9 53.7 22.6 57.4 2.8 3.7 39.1 59.7 94.8 83.8 35.2 15.2 49 16.5 66.6 13.9 10.7-1.6 32.8-13.4 37.4-26.4 4.6-13 4.6-24.1 3.2-26.4-1.3-2.5-5-3.9-10.5-6.6z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_email\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Share on email\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-envelope\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V195.6c0-5 5.7-7.8 9.7-4.7 22.4 17.4 52.1 39.5 154.1 113.6 21.1 15.4 56.7 47.8 92.2 47.6 35.7.3 72-32.8 92.3-47.6 102-74.1 131.6-96.3 154-113.7zM256 320c23.2.4 56.6-29.2 73.4-41.4 132.7-96.3 142.8-104.7 173.4-128.7 5.8-4.5 9.2-11.5 9.2-18.9v-19c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v19c0 7.4 3.4 14.3 9.2 18.9 30.6 23.9 40.7 32.4 173.4 128.7 16.8 12.2 50.2 41.8 73.4 41.4z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55ef170 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"55ef170\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lute instruments<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Table of contents What are lute instruments? The category of lute instruments is derived from the lute and includes various types of stringed instruments. They usually consist of a resonating body and a tailpiece, with the strings running parallel to the soundboard. Handle lutes have a neck that extends beyond the body, while yoke lutes [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8854,"parent":8896,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17596","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17596","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17596"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17596\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20083,"href":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17596\/revisions\/20083"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8896"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8854"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17596"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}