{"id":17205,"date":"2024-01-14T21:24:59","date_gmt":"2024-01-14T19:24:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/musical-instruments\/membranophones\/"},"modified":"2025-10-23T19:18:02","modified_gmt":"2025-10-23T17:18:02","slug":"membranophones","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/musical-instruments\/membranophones\/","title":{"rendered":"Membranophones"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"17205\" class=\"elementor elementor-17205 elementor-4654\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2bba0f elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"c2bba0f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5dfa38c\" data-id=\"5dfa38c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a1bfc0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9a1bfc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Membranophones<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7e16ba6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7e16ba6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-132c737\" data-id=\"132c737\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ee46e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4ee46e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/membranophone-1024x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-8771\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/membranophone-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/membranophone-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/membranophone-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/membranophone-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/membranophone.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec8834f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ec8834f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b839694 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"b839694\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;far fa-circle&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-regular&quot;,&quot;rendered_tag&quot;:&quot;&lt;svg class=\\&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-far-circle\\&quot; viewBox=\\&quot;0 0 512 512\\&quot; xmlns=\\&quot;http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=\\&quot;M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm0 448c-110.5 0-200-89.5-200-200S145.5 56 256 56s200 89.5 200 200-89.5 200-200 200z\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/path&gt;&lt;\\\/svg&gt;&quot;},&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_laptop&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile_extra&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of contents\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__b839694\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__b839694\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__b839694\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe62198 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"fe62198\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeee302 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eeee302\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What are membranophones?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1726543 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1726543\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Membranophones<\/strong> (&#8220;Fellklinger&#8221;) are <a title=\"Musical instruments\" href=\"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/musical-instruments\/\">\n  <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">\n    <strong>musical instruments<\/strong>\n  <\/span>\n<\/a>which have a stretched membrane to produce sound. This is usually done by beating, as with a percussion drum, which is a percussion instrument. There are also rubbing drums, where the membrane is rubbed with an object, and plucked drums, known as ektara in India. All types of drums are membranophones. In the case of the mirliton, the membrane is made to vibrate by blowing on it. In the <a title=\"Hornbostel-Sachs system\" href=\"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/hornbostel-sachs-system\/\">\n  <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">\n    <strong>Hornbostel-Sachs classification<\/strong>\n  <\/span>\n<\/a> of 1914 by <a title=\"Erich Moritz von Hornbostel\" href=\"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/musikwissenschaftler\/erich-moritz-von-hornbostel\/\">\n  <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">\n    <strong>Erich Moritz von Hornbostel<\/strong>\n  <\/span>\n<\/a> and <a title=\"Curt Sachs\" href=\"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/musikwissenschaftler\/curt-sachs\/\">\n  <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">\n    <strong>Curt Sachs<\/strong>\n  <\/span>\n<\/a> this term is used for all musical instruments whose sound is produced by tightly stretched membranes.     <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-554152b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"554152b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The sound produced when struck depends on the construction of the membranophone and can either produce a clearly audible fundamental tone or a rather diffuse mixture of different frequencies. Membranophones are drums that can produce certain pitches. These include kettle drums such as the timpani and the tabla as well as some tubular drums such as hourglass drums in Africa or India. Octoban (open bottom cylinder drums) and tabla tarang (kettle drums) are examples of melodic sets of several drums with different pitches.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da27133 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da27133\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In instrumentology, percussion instruments are divided into membranophones (Fellklinger) and <a title=\"Idiophones\" href=\"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/musikinstrumente\/idiophone\/\">\n  <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">\n    <strong>idiophones<\/strong>\n  <\/span>\n<\/a> (self-strikers). This distinction did not exist in the European Middle Ages. In 1880 Victor Charles Mahillon introduced the <a title=\"Classification of musical instruments\" href=\"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/musical-instruments\/\">\n  <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">\n    <strong>classification of musical instruments<\/strong>\n  <\/span>\n<\/a> in 1880.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e04d84b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"e04d84b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bcb6a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2bcb6a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The classification of membranophones at a glance<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e290a43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e290a43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The variety of drums is determined by different categories and classifications. Drums can be divided into <strong>frame drums<\/strong>, <strong>tubular drums<\/strong> and <strong>kettle drums<\/strong> according to the shape of the resonating body. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec4ce73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ec4ce73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Frame drums<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-351d435 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"351d435\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Frame drums are characterized by a flat frame, which is usually covered with a skin on one side, more rarely on both sides, whereby the frame height according to Hornbostel-Sachs corresponds at most to the skin radius. This clear distinction distinguishes frame drums from cylinder drums, although the transitions are fluid. The classification of flat drums is possible up to the frame height of the skin diameter.  <\/p><p>The frame can be circular, rectangular or otherwise shaped. The sound is produced by striking the membrane, sometimes also the frame, with the hand, fingers or a mallet. Some of these membranophones can have additional idiophones such as jingles, cymbals or bells on the frame, which extend their sound palette.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8111212 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8111212\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">List of frame drums<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac9d5e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ac9d5e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Adufe<\/li><li>Bodhran<\/li><li>Therefore<\/li><li>Daira<\/li><li>Gumber<\/li><li>Kanjira<\/li><li>Pandeiro<\/li><li>Parai<\/li><li>Ravanne<\/li><li>Rebana<\/li><li>Riq<\/li><li>Shaman drum<\/li><li>Tamborim<\/li><li>Tambourine<\/li><li>Tar<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-881aa3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"881aa3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee0082a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ee0082a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tube drums<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e153cb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e153cb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A tubular drum is a drum with a tubular body that is beaten directly. The body can be covered with a membrane on one or both sides. If the body is covered on one side, the underside remains open.  <\/p><p>There are different types of tubular drums, such as cylindrical drums, which have the same diameter along their entire length, or barrel drums, where the body is bulbous and curves outwards in the middle. There are different types of drums. One variant is double cone drums, which have a larger central diameter and where the body tapers straight outwards on both sides from a bend in the middle. Hourglass drums are waisted and cone drums have membranes of significantly different sizes and form a truncated cone. Beaker drums are single-sided and have a broad upper part and a slimmer extension.    <\/p><p>Standing drums are large drums that stand on the floor and are played. There are two other types of drums: Frame drums and kettle drums. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e1f059 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7e1f059\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a472b13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a472b13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cylinder drums<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4165808 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4165808\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cylinder drums differ from frame drums in that their frame height generally corresponds to the diaphragm radius. This classification, based on practical considerations, applies to most instruments. The Hornbostel-Sachs classification system makes an exception for cylindrical military drums and also classifies models with a lower frame height as cylindrical drums. The term shallow drum refers to a format between the cylindrical and frame drum in which the shell height corresponds at most to the head diameter.   <\/p><p>Cylindrical drums, such as the tomtom used in modern drum sets, the snare drum and the bass drum, are made from bent and glued laminated wood panels (sometimes also from plastic) or traditionally from a hollowed-out section of trunk. The clear cylindrical shape is rather rare and is found, for example, in the large Turkish military drum Davul and its Balkan variant Tapan. Even if these could be considered frame drums due to their ratio of height to diameter, they are classified as cylindrical drums due to their origin. Cylinder drums include instruments that are either widespread in various regions or only known locally.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ace301 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2ace301\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">List of cylinder drums<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a3ec54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8a3ec54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Alfaia<\/li><li>Caixa<\/li><li>Chande<\/li><li>Chenda<\/li><li>Dammam<\/li><li>Doli<\/li><li>Dunun<\/li><li>Lambeg drum<\/li><li>Pambai<\/li><li>Tabor<\/li><li>Tapan<\/li><li>T&#8217;bol<\/li><li>Yak bera<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4ec4b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"e4ec4b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60bc652 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"60bc652\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Barrel drums<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55b0b83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55b0b83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Barrel drums are carved from a block of wood or molded from plastic. They are known in large numbers. The two outer diameters can be of different sizes. This results in two pitches. The round-bellied barrel drums include the South American, single-headed conga:    <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-214e013 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"214e013\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">List of barrel drums<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b1d126 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4b1d126\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Atsimevu<\/li><li>Buk<\/li><li>Conga<\/li><li>Dhimay<\/li><li>Dhol<\/li><li>Dholak<\/li><li>Dholki<\/li><li>Ghoema<\/li><li>Kendang<\/li><li>Negarite<\/li><li>Taiko<\/li><li>Tavil<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94d8696 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"94d8696\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10b78da elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"10b78da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Double cone drums<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27bbe6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"27bbe6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Drums with a double cone have a larger diameter in the middle, the body tapers in a more or less straight line to the ends. Indian double-cone drums in particular, which are played in a horizontal position, have such a clearly visible bend in the middle: <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68bf460 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"68bf460\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">List of double cone drums<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5daaddc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5daaddc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Khol<\/li><li>Maddale<\/li><li>Mridangam<\/li><li>Pakhawaj<\/li><li>Pashchima<\/li><li>Pung<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67f6533 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"67f6533\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-608fa66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"608fa66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hourglass drums<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ecf996 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0ecf996\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The middle diameter is smaller than the two end diameters. Some African speaking drums, where the string tension can be changed while playing, have the shape of an hourglass. In Asia, this drum shape is often attributed a religious significance. The damaru, which is played in India and in Tibetan music, is one of the attributes of Shiva and other gods in Indian mythology, and the idakka, which is played in the temple music of Kerala, is revered accordingly.the middle diameter is smaller than the two end diameters. Some African talking drums, where the string tension can be changed while playing, have the shape of an hourglass.    <\/p><p>In Asia, this drum form is often attributed a religious significance. The damaru, which is played in India and in Tibetan music, is one of the attributes of Shiva and other gods in Indian mythology, and the idakka, which is played in the temple music of Kerala, is revered accordingly. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2403f34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2403f34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">List of hourglass drums<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1611773 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1611773\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Bat\u00e1 drum<\/li><li>Daunr<\/li><li>Dhadd<\/li><li>Hurka<\/li><li>Janggu<\/li><li>Jiegu<\/li><li>Kalangu<\/li><li>Kundu<\/li><li>Timila<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8006896 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8006896\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2df8409 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2df8409\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cone drums<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b9db5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b9db5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The diameters of the two sides are very different. The body has the shape of a truncated cone, which is almost straight in the longitudinal direction. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2d7787 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c2d7787\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">List of cone drums<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28aa49b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28aa49b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Samel<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd7561d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"bd7561d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ece183 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3ece183\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cup drums<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fea2ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fea2ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The body of the drum is cauldron-shaped or cylindrical and merges into a tapered lower section. Beaker drums are single-headed and either have a closed body base or are open to the foot end. They are often held between the knees or clamped horizontally under the arm and beaten with both hands. The very large types are fitted with a base plate that allows them to be placed on the floor.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-297d040 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"297d040\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">List of cup drums<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f49d35f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f49d35f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Bekiviro<\/li><li>Dabakan<\/li><li>Darbuka<\/li><li><a title=\"Djemb\u00e9\" href=\"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/musical-instruments\/djembe\/\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Djemb\u00e9<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/li><li>Ozi<\/li><li>Tombac<\/li><li>Zerbaghali<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e29dab elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4e29dab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3fb9e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3fb9e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Boiler drums<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-238883b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"238883b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Kettle drums are single-headed membranophones with a closed, often semi-circular body on the underside. They are played both by hand and with mallets and can be used individually or in pairs. The spectrum of kettle drums ranges from the timpani of European art music to the naqqaras of the Arab and Central Asian regions and the Indian tabla. The oldest known kettle drum, the lilissu, dates back to ancient Babylonian times and has an impressive bronze body. An exceptionally large 13th century kettle drum was the k\u016brg\u0101 of the Mongols, while the first Ottoman kettle drum, the k\u00fats\u00e1, was carried in parades on elephants and camels under Osman I in the 14th century.      <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-719edc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"719edc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Deep kettle drums have a deep, round body, while flat kettle drums have a bowl-shaped body. All other drum types are either open at the bottom like the darabuka beaker drums or covered with skin on both sides like most tubular drums. A rare borderline case is the sahfa stick drum from Yemen, which lies between the flat, open-bottomed frame drum and the kettle drum. The mizhavu from South India forms a transition between the kettle drum and the percussion idiophone and is characterized by a large round copper pot with a tiny membrane that is struck with the hands.   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dc11ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5dc11ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">List of boiler drums<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6842214 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6842214\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Damaha<\/li><li>Damau<\/li><li>Dhamsa<\/li><li>Dhanki<\/li><li>Diplipito<\/li><li>Duggi<\/li><li>Ghumat<\/li><li>Cult run<\/li><li>Nafa<\/li><li>Nagra<\/li><li><a title=\"Timpani\" href=\"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/musikinstrumente\/pauke\/\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Timpani<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/li><li>Rebana<\/li><li>Tamattama<\/li><li>Tasa<\/li><li>T&#8217;bol<\/li><li>Turburi<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-869598b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"869598b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdabb6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fdabb6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A further subdivision is made according to function, with drums being classified as ceremonial drums, message drums or dance drums. The way they are played can also justify a distinction, e.g. percussion drums, friction drums and plucked drums. <\/p><p>One historical exception is the earth drum, which does not fit into any of the above categories. As the original form of percussion drum, it is characterized by a membrane made of freely stretched animal skin. This complex classification gives the drums a multifaceted role in different musical contexts and applications.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e169f15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"e169f15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec3e865 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ec3e865\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sound generation with membranophones\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d2a0ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d2a0ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The physical principles of sound generation in membranophones, also known as drums, are largely known, but the exact relationship between individual physical effects and the sound image has not yet been fully clarified. There is a parallel between the behavior of loudspeakers and drums. The drum body influences the membrane vibrations and the sound radiation in a similar way to the housing of a loudspeaker, but has no active function as a sound source.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14d87ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"14d87ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The suspension of the drum membrane on the body distinguishes membranophones from loudspeakers. This results in various forms of vibration such as radial, partial and concentric vibrations, which contribute to the desired sound image. These vibrations are desirable in drumheads and are influenced by various parameters such as material thicknesses, coatings, constructions, damping rings and striking techniques.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17c0b4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"17c0b4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A closed drum behaves similarly to a closed loudspeaker box, while open drums influence the sound depending on the body shape. A flat design amplifies low tones through acoustic short-circuiting, while resonance heads use physical effects similar to a bass reflex box to amplify a low fundamental tone. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb06fe4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eb06fe4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The complex analysis of the vibration behavior using the timpani as an example shows the variety of physical phenomena in membranophones.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c28f2de elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c28f2de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f60360a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f60360a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">List of membranophones<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d46325 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7d46325\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Adufe<\/li><li>Alfaia<\/li><li>Atsimevu<\/li><li>Bekiviro<\/li><li>Bodhran<\/li><li>Buk<\/li><li>Caixa<\/li><li>Chande<\/li><li>Chenda<\/li><li>Conga<\/li><li>Therefore<\/li><li>Damaha<\/li><li>Dammam<\/li><li>Dara<\/li><li>Daunr<\/li><li>Davul<\/li><li>Dhadd<\/li><li>Dhaira<\/li><li>Dhak<\/li><li>Dhama<\/li><li>Dhanki<\/li><li>Dhimay<\/li><li>Dhol<\/li><li>Dholak<\/li><li>Dholki<\/li><li>Diplipito<\/li><li><a title=\"Djemb\u00e9\" href=\"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/musical-instruments\/djembe\/\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Djemb\u00e9<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/li><li>Doli<\/li><li>Duggi<\/li><li>Dunun<\/li><li>Ghema<\/li><li>Gumber<\/li><li>Hurka<\/li><li>Janggu<\/li><li>Jiegu<\/li><li>Kalangu<\/li><li>Kanjira<\/li><li>Kendang<\/li><li>Khol<\/li><li>Cult run<\/li><li>Kundu<\/li><li>Lambeg Drum<\/li><li>Maddale<\/li><li>Nafa<\/li><li>Nagra<\/li><li>Negarite<\/li><li>Ozi<\/li><li>Pakhawaj<\/li><li>Pambai<\/li><li>Pandeiro<\/li><li><a title=\"Timpani\" href=\"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/musikinstrumente\/pauke\/\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Timpani<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/li><li>Parai<\/li><li>Pashchima<\/li><li>Patak<\/li><li>Pung<\/li><li>Ravanne<\/li><li>Rebana<\/li><li>Riq<\/li><li>Samel<\/li><li>Shaman drum<\/li><li>Taiko<\/li><li>Tabor<\/li><li>Tamborim<\/li><li>Tambourine<\/li><li>Tamattama<\/li><li>Tapan<\/li><li>Tar<\/li><li>Tasa<\/li><li>Tavil<\/li><li>Timila<\/li><li>T&#8217;bol<\/li><li>Turburi<\/li><li>Yak bera<\/li><li>Zerbaghali<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-37a8eb9\" data-id=\"37a8eb9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-9ac55b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9ac55b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-774f3db\" data-id=\"774f3db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-366057b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"366057b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">share<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-701afa6\" data-id=\"701afa6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0d61bc elementor-share-buttons--view-icon elementor-share-buttons--color-custom 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71.69h-57.78V501C413.31 482.38 504 379.78 504 256z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_twitter\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Share on twitter\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-twitter\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_pinterest\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Share on pinterest\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-pinterest\" viewBox=\"0 0 496 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M496 256c0 137-111 248-248 248-25.6 0-50.2-3.9-73.4-11.1 10.1-16.5 25.2-43.5 30.8-65 3-11.6 15.4-59 15.4-59 8.1 15.4 31.7 28.5 56.8 28.5 74.8 0 128.7-68.8 128.7-154.3 0-81.9-66.9-143.2-152.9-143.2-107 0-163.9 71.8-163.9 150.1 0 36.4 19.4 81.7 50.3 96.1 4.7 2.2 7.2 1.2 8.3-3.3.8-3.4 5-20.3 6.9-28.1.6-2.5.3-4.7-1.7-7.1-10.1-12.5-18.3-35.3-18.3-56.6 0-54.7 41.4-107.6 112-107.6 60.9 0 103.6 41.5 103.6 100.9 0 67.1-33.9 113.6-78 113.6-24.3 0-42.6-20.1-36.7-44.8 7-29.5 20.5-61.3 20.5-82.6 0-19-10.2-34.9-31.4-34.9-24.9 0-44.9 25.7-44.9 60.2 0 22 7.4 36.8 7.4 36.8s-24.5 103.8-29 123.2c-5 21.4-3 51.6-.9 71.2C65.4 450.9 0 361.1 0 256 0 119 111 8 248 8s248 111 248 248z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_telegram\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Share on telegram\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span 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xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M380.9 97.1C339 55.1 283.2 32 223.9 32c-122.4 0-222 99.6-222 222 0 39.1 10.2 77.3 29.6 111L0 480l117.7-30.9c32.4 17.7 68.9 27 106.1 27h.1c122.3 0 224.1-99.6 224.1-222 0-59.3-25.2-115-67.1-157zm-157 341.6c-33.2 0-65.7-8.9-94-25.7l-6.7-4-69.8 18.3L72 359.2l-4.4-7c-18.5-29.4-28.2-63.3-28.2-98.2 0-101.7 82.8-184.5 184.6-184.5 49.3 0 95.6 19.2 130.4 54.1 34.8 34.9 56.2 81.2 56.1 130.5 0 101.8-84.9 184.6-186.6 184.6zm101.2-138.2c-5.5-2.8-32.8-16.2-37.9-18-5.1-1.9-8.8-2.8-12.5 2.8-3.7 5.6-14.3 18-17.6 21.8-3.2 3.7-6.5 4.2-12 1.4-32.6-16.3-54-29.1-75.5-66-5.7-9.8 5.7-9.1 16.3-30.3 1.8-3.7.9-6.9-.5-9.7-1.4-2.8-12.5-30.1-17.1-41.2-4.5-10.8-9.1-9.3-12.5-9.5-3.2-.2-6.9-.2-10.6-.2-3.7 0-9.7 1.4-14.8 6.9-5.1 5.6-19.4 19-19.4 46.3 0 27.3 19.9 53.7 22.6 57.4 2.8 3.7 39.1 59.7 94.8 83.8 35.2 15.2 49 16.5 66.6 13.9 10.7-1.6 32.8-13.4 37.4-26.4 4.6-13 4.6-24.1 3.2-26.4-1.3-2.5-5-3.9-10.5-6.6z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_email\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Share on email\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-share-btn__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-envelope\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V195.6c0-5 5.7-7.8 9.7-4.7 22.4 17.4 52.1 39.5 154.1 113.6 21.1 15.4 56.7 47.8 92.2 47.6 35.7.3 72-32.8 92.3-47.6 102-74.1 131.6-96.3 154-113.7zM256 320c23.2.4 56.6-29.2 73.4-41.4 132.7-96.3 142.8-104.7 173.4-128.7 5.8-4.5 9.2-11.5 9.2-18.9v-19c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v19c0 7.4 3.4 14.3 9.2 18.9 30.6 23.9 40.7 32.4 173.4 128.7 16.8 12.2 50.2 41.8 73.4 41.4z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55ef170 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"55ef170\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">other musical instruments<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Table of contents What are membranophones? Membranophones (&#8220;Fellklinger&#8221;) are musical instruments which have a stretched membrane to produce sound. This is usually done by beating, as with a percussion drum, which is a percussion instrument. There are also rubbing drums, where the membrane is rubbed with an object, and plucked drums, known as ektara in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8771,"parent":8896,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17205","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17205","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17205"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17205\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8896"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8771"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/musiknerd.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17205"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}